Annual Report 2019

221 Transport International Holdings Limited 2019 Annual Report Notes to the Financial Statements 31 Financial risk management and fair values of financial instruments Exposure to credit, liquidity, interest rate, currency and fuel price risks arises in the normal course of the Group’s business. The Group’s exposure to these risks and the financial risk management policies and practices used by the Group to manage these risks are described below. (a) Credit risk Credit risk refers to the risk that a counterparty will default on its contractual obligations resulting in a financial loss to the Group. The Group’s credit risk is primarily attributable to trade and other receivables and investments in debt securities. In respect of trade and other receivables, credit evaluations are performed on all major customers requiring credit over a certain amount. These evaluations focus on the customers’ past history of making payments when due and their ability to pay, and take into account information specific to the customer as well as pertaining to the economic environment in which the customer operates. A credit period of between 30 days and 90 days is normally granted to customers of the Group’s non-franchised transport operations and media sales business. All the trade and other receivables included in current assets are expected to be recoverable within one year. Due to the financial strength of these customers and the short duration of the trade and other receivables, the ECL allowance is considered insignificant. Investments in debt securities are only made with counterparties of a high credit rating. Given their high credit standing, management does not expect any investment counterparty to fail to meet its obligations. No loss allowance for investments in debt securities was recognised as at 31 December 2019 and 31 December 2018. The Group’s exposure to credit risk arising from bank deposits and cash is limited because the counterparties are banks, which the Group considers to have low credit risk. Regular review and follow up actions are carried out on overdue amounts to minimise the Group’s exposure to credit risk. An ageing analysis of the receivables is prepared on a regular basis and is closely monitored to minimise any credit risk associated with these receivables. The Group has no significant concentrations of credit risk in view of its large number of customers. The maximum exposure to credit risk without taking into account any collateral held is represented by the carrying amount of each financial asset in the consolidated statement of financial position after deducting any loss allowance. The Group does not provide any guarantee to third parties which would expose the Group to credit risk. Further quantitative disclosures in respect of the Group’s exposure to credit risk arising from investments in debt securities and trade and other receivables are set out in notes 18 and 21 respectively. (b) Liquidity risk The Group closely monitors its liquidity and financial resources to ensure that a healthy financial position is maintained such that cash inflows from operating activities together with undrawn committed banking facilities are sufficient to meet the requirements for loan repayments, daily operational needs, and capital expenditure, as well as potential business expansion and development. Major operating companies of the Group arrange for their own financing to meet specific requirements. The Group’s other subsidiaries are mainly financed by the Company’s capital base. The Group reviews its strategy from time to time to ensure that cost-efficient funding is available to cater for the unique operating environment of each subsidiary.