Annual Report 2019

ANNUAL REPORT 2019 年度報告 103 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 綜合財務報表附註 FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31ST DECEMBER, 2019 截至二零一九年十二月三十一日止年度 3. 主要會計政策 （續） 金融工具 （續） 財務資產 （續） 財務資產減值（續） (v) 預期信貸虧損之計量及確認 預期信貸虧損之計量為違約概率、違約 虧損（即違約時虧損幅度）及違約風險之 函數。違約概率及違約虧損之評估乃基 於過往數據按前瞻性資料作調整。預期 信貸虧損的預估乃無偏概率加權平均金 額，以各自發生違約的風險為權重確定。 一般而言，預期信貸虧損為根據合約應 付本集團之所有合約現金流量與本集團 預期收取之所有現金流量之間的差額（按 初始確認時釐定之有效利率貼現）。 倘預期信貸虧損按共同基準計量或適用 於個別工具水平證據未必存在的情況下， 則金融工具按以下基準歸類： • 金融工具性質；及 • 逾期狀況。 歸類工作經管理層定期檢討，以確保各 組別成份繼續具備類似信貸風險特性。 利息收入乃根據財務資產的總賬面值計 算，除非財務資產已錄得信貸減值，其 時利息收入乃根據財務資產的攤銷成本 計量。 3. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued) Financial instruments (Continued) Financial assets (Continued) Impairment of financial assets (Continued) (v) Measurement and recognition of ECL The measurement of ECL is a function of the probability of default, loss given default (i.e. the magnitude of the loss if there is a default) and the exposure at default. The assessment of the probability of default and loss given default is based on historical data adjusted by forward-looking information. Estimation of ECL reflects an unbiased and probability-weighted amount that is determined with the respective risks of default occurring as the weights. Generally, the ECL is the difference between all contractual cash flows that are due to the Group in accordance with the contract and the cash flows that the Group expects to receive, discounted at the effective interest rate determined at initial recognition. Where ECL is measured on a collective basis or cater for cases where evidence at the individual instrument level may not yet be available, the financial instruments are grouped on the following basis: • Nature of financial instruments; and • Past-due status. The grouping is regularly reviewed by management to ensure the constituents of each group continue to share similar credit risk characteristics. Interest income is calculated based on the gross carrying amount of the financial asset unless the financial asset is credit impaired, in which case interest income is calculated based on amortised cost of the financial asset.